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数字背后：Giving USA小组揭示的始终趋势Behind the Numbers: Giving USA Panel Sheds Light on Longer Term Trends

作家：

Steve Dubb

开始：

Nonprofit Quarterly/《非渔利季刊》

著述《Behind the Numbers: Giving USA Panel Sheds Light on Longer Term Trends/数字背后：Giving USA小组揭示的始终趋势》发布在《Nonprofit Quarterly/非渔利季刊》上。这是一份非渔利杂志出书物，提供基于研究的著述和资源，以教诲非渔利部门。著述作家史蒂夫·杜布是Nonprofit Quarterly/NPQ的经济正义高等裁剪，他撰写著述，主执“重塑经济”采集研讨会，并致力于于于培养来自该鸿沟的声息，匡助他们得回更世俗的受众。著述指出，把柄Giving USA的最新研究，天然2022年的好意思国捐赠下降了，但更令东说念主担忧的趋势是大量捐赠东说念主在慈好行状中的占比越来越大，而平淡的小额捐赠东说念主份额却正在萎缩。

The common headline in the nonprofit press has been simple: Giving declined in 2022 for only the fourth time in 40 years.

非渔利组织关联媒体的常见标题很精真金不怕火：2022年的捐赠减少，这是40年来的第四次。

Will 2022’s one-year decline become a longer-term trend? The short answer is: “Unlikely.” After all, if giving has increased 36 of the past 40 years, it will probably rise again.

2022年一年的下降会成为始终趋势吗？节略的回报是：“不太可能。”毕竟，要是捐赠在当年40年中有36年是有所增多，那么它很可能会再次上升。

But a panel at The Giving Institute’s Summer Symposium made clear that other trends are more concerning. Lauren Steiner, a member of the Giving USA board, moderated the discussion. The panel consisted of three Giving USA leaders: Josh Birkholz, chair of the Giving USA Foundation and CEO of BWF, a fundraising consulting firm; Carrie Dahlquist, co-chair of the Giving USA Advisory Council on Methodology and senior counsel at Campbell & Company; and Anna Pruitt, managing editor of Giving USA and associate director of research at the Indiana University Lilly Family School of Philanthropy.

但捐赠研究所（The Giving Institute）夏令研讨会上的一个小组磋议明确指出，其他趋势更令东说念主担忧。Giving USA董事会成员劳伦·斯坦纳（Lauren Steiner）主执了磋议。磋议小组由三位Giving USA携带东说念主构成：乔希·伯克霍尔茨（Josh Birkholz），Giving USA基金会主席兼筹款接头公司BWF首席施行官；卡莉·达尔奎斯特（Carrie Dahlquist），Giving USA行动接头委员会勾搭主席兼Campbell & Company高等顾问人；安娜·普鲁特（Anna Pruitt），Giving USA施行裁剪兼印第安纳大学礼来家眷慈善学院研究副主任。

One key takeaway message: the rise of the über-wealthy in US philanthropy continues. In the age of the megadonor, individual giving is not what it used to be.

一个蹙迫的启示是：超等富豪在好意思国慈好行状中的崛起仍在不息。在大量捐赠东说念主时期，个东说念主的捐赠依然不是当年的样式了。

谁在捐赠？Who Gives?

The panelists began by assuaging concern over the one-year decline. For her part, Pruitt noted, “It is really important to put the decline in perspective,” adding that what was really going on was, after a pandemic giving boost, a “return to pre-2020 levels.” Dahlquist concurred and added that “we are still in an upward trajectory in general.”

小构成员们领先缓解了东说念主们对2022年一年来数据下降的担忧。普鲁特则指出：“正确看待这一下降如实很蹙迫。”她补充说，过程新冠疫情的鼓励，施行情况是“归附到2020年之前的水平”。达尔奎斯特对此示意赞同，并补充说，“总体而言，咱们仍处于上升轨说念。”

A bigger concern is the continuing shift in who is giving. Simply put: more and more donations are coming from fewer and fewer people. This, of course, is not a new issue. NPQ covered this now two-decades-long trend at length in 2019. But the trend shows no sign of abating, and the Giving USA panelists were very concerned. “This is what keeps me awake at night,” Birkholz said. Beyond the democratic implications—the more giving becomes concentrated among the wealthy, the more control the wealthy will exercise over where philanthropic dollars go—nonprofit reliance on wealthy donors has other, perhaps less obvious implications. One of these is not so much to expect a decline in giving but rather to expect an increase in the volatility of giving.

更令东说念主担忧的是捐赠对象的握住变化。简而言之：越来越多的捐钱，来自越来越少的东说念主。天然，这并不是一个新问题。NPQ在2019年详备先容了这一长达二十年的趋势。但这一趋势涓滴莫得消弱的迹象，Giving USA小构成员对此特殊担忧。伯克霍尔茨说：“这让我夜不成寐。除了民主方面的影响，捐赠越荟萃于富东说念主，富东说念主就越能截至慈善资金的去处。非渔利组织对肥好意思捐赠东说念主的依赖还有其他一些可能不太彰着的影响。其中之一便是，与其说是预期捐赠会减少，不如说是预期捐赠的波动性会增多。”

As Pruitt explained, “Because there are fewer people giving, it is going to be wealthy people” who are increasingly those who give. Pruitt added that, given that this is the case and given that more than half of individually owned shares are owned by the top one percent, “We might expect trends for giving to resemble more closely [the performance of] the S&P 500,” the stock market index of the nation’s 500 stock corporations. In other words, more and more we can expect giving to follow the volatility of the stock market—rising more in years when stock values rise, and falling more in years when stock values decline.

正如普鲁特所评释的，“因为捐赠的东说念主总和越来越少，是以捐赠东说念主里的富东说念主会越来越多。”普鲁特补充说，鉴于这种情况，况且讨论到一半以上的个东说念主执股是由最富余的1%的东说念主执有，“咱们不错预期，捐赠的趋势将更接近于规范普尔500指数的说明”，该指数是指好意思国500家上市公司的股票指数。换句话说，咱们不错越来越多地预期捐赠会伴随股票阛阓的波动。在股票价值高潮时，捐赠会增多；在股票价值下落时，捐赠会减少。

对捐赠东说念主建议基金的依赖日新月异Growing Reliance on Donor-Advised Funds

Another way that the wealthy give differently than those who are less wealthy is the growing tendency of wealthy donors to donate first to donor-advised funds (more commonly referred to as DAFs), rather than donating directly to nonprofits of their choice. The way DAFs work, technically speaking the money ceases to belong to the donor once they donate to the fund; however, practically speaking the donor can “advise” the fund on which nonprofits they should open their checkbooks for, with the donor’s “advice” being honored by the fund administrator in nearly all cases.

富东说念主的捐赠阵势与穷东说念主不同的另一个说明是，越来越多的肥好意思捐赠东说念主倾向于领先捐馈遗捐赠东说念主建议基金（频繁称为DAF），而不是径直捐馈遗我方继承的非渔利组织。DAF的运作阵势，从本领上讲，一朝捐赠东说念主向基金捐钱，这笔钱就不再属于捐赠东说念主；但施行上，捐赠东说念主不错向基金“建议”他们应该为哪些非渔利组织开放支票簿。的确在所有情况下，基金处理东说念主王人会遴选捐赠东说念主的“建议”。

For the first time, this year’s Giving USA report included a chapter on DAFs. To date, the group has accumulated two years’ worth of data. Obviously, in future years they will have more data, allowing for more long-term analysis. Pruitt noted that analyzing DAF distributions is critical to getting a full picture of giving: if DAFs were counted as a category, in 2021 they would be responsible for 8.9 percent of all giving—a number, she noted, that is greater than all corporate giving combined.

本年的Giving USA陈述初度纳入了商量DAF的章节。迄今为止，该小组依然积攒了两年的数据。泄露，将来几年他们将领有更多的数据，从而不错进行更始终的分析。普鲁专指出，分析DAF的分派情况，关于全面了解捐赠情况至关蹙迫：要是将DAF算作一个类别来计算，那么在2021年，DAF将占所有捐赠的8.9%。普鲁专指出，这一数字杰出了所有企业捐赠的总和。

There is also a lag in acquiring data on where DAF dollars go. Pruitt said that this year’s Giving USA report could only compare DAF giving for 2019 and 2020. We will not know what DAF contributions to nonprofits looked like in 2022 for a while yet.

在获取商量DAF资金去处的数据方面也存在滞后性。普鲁特说，本年的Giving USA陈述只可比较2019年和2020年的DAF捐钱。咱们还需要一段时期，才智知说念2022年DAF对非渔利组织的捐钱情况。

What the 2020 data does permit, however, is to “really isolate what happened during the [first year of the] pandemic.” In particular, in 2020 there was an extraordinary 78-percent increase in grants given through DAFs to nonprofits. This means that many donors with DAFs did draw down on funds in their accounts that year, with DAF donations thus serving as a kind of “rainy day” fund, as advocates had promised.

关联词，2020年的数据所能作念到的是“折柳出在新冠疫情（第一年）期间所发生的事情”。尤其是2020年，通过DAF向非渔利组织提供的赠款增多了78%。这意味着，很多领有DAF的捐赠东说念主如确凿那一年动用了他们账户中的资金，DAF捐赠因此成为一种“狗仗人势”的基金，正如观点者所同意的那样。

A related issue concerns who gets the money that is disbursed from DAFs. Historically, Pruitt noted that education and religion were the most common categories, with education receiving by far the largest share of DAF dollars. Earlier research Pruitt did with her colleague Jon Bergdoll found that from 2014 through 2018, 28 percent of DAF dollars went to education, with religion coming in second at 14 percent. In 2020, however, while education remained in first place, there was a major increase in DAF grants being directed to “public sector benefit” organizations, a category that includes civil rights, voting rights, and community development finance. In 2020, 16 percent of all DAF grants were made in this category, and voting-rights groups and others, such as the American Civil Liberties Union, benefitted from this shift.

与此关联的一个问题波及DAF分派的资金归谁得回。普鲁专指出，从历史上看，教诲和宗教是最常见的类别，其中教诲类别得回的DAF资金份额最大。普鲁特早前与共事乔恩·伯格多尔（Jon Bergdoll）沿路作念的研究发现，从2014年到2018年，28%的DAF资金流向了教诲，宗教以14%的比例位居第二。关联词到了2020年，天然教诲仍然排在第一位，但DAF赠款流向“民众鸿沟福利”组织的比例却大幅上升，这一类别包括民权、投票权和社区发展融资。2020年，DAF赠款总额的16%属于这一类别，以及投票权组织和其他组织，如好意思国公民开脱定约（American Civil Liberties Union），就从这一排变中受益良多。

捐赠对象的升沉若何影响筹款自己How the Shift in Who Donates Affects Fundraising Itself

Birkholz noted that, beyond DAFs, in individual giving education traditionally has been one of the top three donor categories, but for younger donors it has dropped to fifth or even sixth position. Part of the reason for this decline in interest seems obvious—if you’re a younger person who is still making student loan payments to cover inflated tuition costs, why would you give to a university?

伯克霍尔茨指出，除了DAF，在个东说念主捐赠中，教诲历来是前三大捐赠类别之一，但关于年青的捐赠东说念主来说，它依然下降到了第五甚而第六位。兴致下降的部分原因似乎可想而知：要是你是一个还在偿还学生贷款以支付腾贵膏火的年青东说念主，你为什么要捐给大学呢？

But Birkholz observed that there is another factor at play: namely, as large donors become more important, nonprofits, including university development departments, adjust their fundraising practices to attract those donors. As Birkholz put it, “We have built a model of focusing on the top. If you want to be a future [university development] leader, you better be able to close big gifts. For small gifts, after two to three years there is a [career] ceiling.” Absent effort to change fundraising practice, as nonprofits focus on raising money from larger donors, efforts to raise small-donor donations can atrophy, accelerating the existing trend.

但伯克霍尔茨不雅察到，还有另一个身分在起作用：即跟着大额捐赠东说念主变得越来越蹙迫，包括大学发展部门在内的非渔利组织会更始其筹款阵势，以诱导这些捐赠东说念主。正如伯克霍尔茨所说：“咱们依然建立了一个专注于顶层的模式。要是你念念成为将来(大学发展)的携带者，你最佳约略完成大笔捐赠。关于小额捐赠，两三年后就会出现(职业)天花板。”要是不远程窜改筹款作念法，当非渔利组织专注于从大额捐赠东说念主那处筹款时，筹集小额捐赠东说念主捐钱的责任就会萎缩，从而加快现存的趋势。

大量捐赠东说念主的趋势仍在不息The Megadonor Trend Continues

Pruitt noted, “For many years, we tried not to talk about megadonors because that is not the average experience.” But she conceded that the trend has become harder to ignore: “Five percent of individual giving coming from less than 10 people is really of note.”

普鲁专指出：“多年来，咱们尽量不评述大量捐赠东说念主，因为这不是大多数东说念主会资历的。”但她承认，这一趋势已变得难以冷落：“5%的个东说念主捐赠来自不到10个东说念主，这如实值得郑重。”

From a research perspective, Pruitt observed that even when donors post who they donate to, as MacKenzie Scott has done, the form of payment can be very unclear. “We don’t know if they are coming out of a DAF, charitable LLC [limited liability company], or foundation.” With Elon Musk, Pruitt said, researchers only became aware the fact that he had a charitable foundation due to a Securities and Exchange Commission filing for one of the companies he owns. “We don’t know what that is yet,” she added.

普鲁特从研究的角度不雅察到，即使捐赠东说念主像麦肯锡·斯科特（MacKenzie Scott）那样公布了他们的捐赠对象，支付边幅也可能特殊不解确。普鲁特说：“咱们不知说念他们是从DAF、慈善LLC（有限背负公司），照旧基金会捐出的。”举例埃隆·马斯克（Elon Musk），研究东说念主员是在好意思国证券来回委员会为马斯克领有的一家公司提交文献时，才知说念他有一个慈善基金会。普鲁特补充说：“咱们还不知说念那是什么。”

对这一鸿沟的建议Advice for the Field

The focus of the Giving USA crowd is on how to raise money, not on the type of issues that NPQ might focus on—such as: Who controls the money? Or perhaps: Can philanthropy be a form of reparations?

Giving USA群体的照看点是若何筹集资金，而不是NPQ可能照看的问题类型。比如：谁截至着资金？又或者：慈善不错是一种补偿边幅吗？

When a question was posed about legislation to regulate DAFs, the response of all three panelists was to dodge. Pruitt noted, “We haven’t taken a policy position. We have some movement on the policy side and some legislation wanted to change the way DAFs are paid out. I think that the landscape has gotten really complex.” Dahlquist, for her part, said that “the policy questions will be asked and pursued,” but that her focus was to help her clients to raise the funds that they are seeking.

当被问及立法监管DAF的问题时，三位小构成员的回报王人是藏匿。普鲁专指出：“咱们还莫得遴选政策态度。咱们在政策方面有一些动向，一些立法念念要窜改DAF的支付阵势。我觉得，情况依然变得特殊复杂。”达尔奎斯特则示意：“政策问题将会被建议和根究”，但她的要点是匡助客户筹集他们正在寻求的资金。

But on fundraising strategy, there was a clear recommendation. Simply put: What the megadonor giveth, the megadonor may also taketh away. In other words, don’t put all of your fundraising eggs in the megadonor basket.

但在筹款计谋方面，有一项明确的建议。精真金不怕火地说：大量捐赠东说念主捐赠的，大量捐赠东说念主也可能拿走。换句话说，不要把所有筹款鸡蛋王人放在大量捐赠东说念主的篮子里。

Birkholz noted that reliance on larger donors is reinforcing a system of nonprofit “haves and have-nots.” Optimistically, Birkholz said that “there is the possibility to diversity and broaden your constituency.” He added that “it is not just the top places” where fundraising should focus if the goal is to achieve long-term sustainability.

伯克霍尔茨指出，对较大捐赠东说念主的依赖正在强化非渔利组织“富东说念主和穷东说念主”的体系。伯克霍尔茨乐不雅地示意：“仍有可能罢了多元化，扩大你的缓助者。”他补充说，要是要罢了始终可执续发展的宗旨，筹款的要点不应只是只是荟萃在“顶层的场地”。

关键句翻译

慈善有限背负公司是一家有限背负公司。与传统的免税实体比拟，有限背负公司的主要上风在于能为捐赠东说念主提供更大的机动性和截至权。有限背负公司不受一些频繁适用于更常见慈善用具的法例经管，包括商量必要分派、公开流露、投资控股和政事参与的章程。那么慈善有限背负公司的英文是什么？

Charitable LLC (Limited Liability Company)

liability n.背负

limited adj. 有限的

翻译、撰稿：丁适于（杭州市基金会发展促进会）

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发布于：浙江省